Compiled from the following sources:
Special biographic research
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2002-2006
Who's Who, Current Chinese Leaders
Wen Wei Publishing Company, Ltd. 2003-2005
Zhongguo Gongchandang Lijie Zhongyang Weiyuan Dacidian, 1921-2003
Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe 2004
Revision History:
Biography Revised: 10/24/2007
Career Data Updated: 10/24/2007
Member of the 17th CPC Central Committee; Member of the 17th CPC Central Military Commission; Member, Central Military Commission of the PRC; Commander, Second Artillery Force